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中国新石器时代文字及其考释

Chinese Neolithic writing and its interpretation

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DOI 10.12208/j.ssr.20260232
刊名
现代社会科学研究
Modern Social Science Research
年，卷(期) 2026, 6(7)
作者
段树乔1, 武莉2,
作者单位

云南大学软科学与系统工程研究中心 云南昆明;
云南民族大学 云南昆明;
摘要
甲骨文作为汉字的起源，实际上是在中国已拥有相对成熟文字系统的基础上发展起来的一种在语义和结构方面有所创新的文字形式。研究显示，中华民族早在距今约五万年时便已具备刻划记事的意识，到距今约一万五千年时进入“图语”与“图画文字”并用的阶段。在裴李岗、高庙和柳林溪文化时期，已形成相对成熟的文字系统，并且该文字系统的使用贯穿了整个新石器时代，系统中的文字大多能运用属于汉藏语系的古彝文字来解读，是彝族先民沿用和继承了这一文字系统。但是，中国文字起源研究长期受“汉字中心论”主导，新石器时代出土的大量刻画符号往往被排除在文字系统之外。笔者以四川蒙溪河、河北四台、河南贾湖、湖北柳林溪、山东大汶口等13处遗址出土的152个刻画符号为研究对象，参照《滇南彝文字典》收录的上万古彝文字进行字形结构比较与语义释读。结果显示：①89%的符号可在古彝文中找到形、音、义对应的同源字；②释读出“道”（世界本源）、“乾”（天极）、“封”（祭天）、“神”（通晓天道者）等32个核心字符，内容涉及祭祀、天文、占卜、历法四大主题；③字符“道”从距今约8万年的蒙溪河遗址，到距今约3000年的辛店文化，再到今天，跨越八万余年持续出现，是全球罕见的连续文字传承案例。本研究为破解中国文字起源之谜提供了全新的方法论路径和实证材料，亦为汉藏语系人群早期文化共同体提供了文字学证据。
Abstract
Oracle bone script, as the origin of China’s characters, is actually an textual forms of semantic and structural innovation that developed on the basis of the relatively mature writing system already existing in China. Research shows that the Chinese nation had the awareness of depicting and recording events as early as around 50,000 years ago, and entered the stage of using both “picture language” and “graphic text” around 15,000 years ago. During the Peiligang and Gaomiao and Liulinxi culture periods, a relatively mature writing system had already been formed. Moreover, the use of this writing system spanned the entire Neolithic Age and most of the characters in this system could be interpreted using the ancient Yi script belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. However, the research on the origin of Chinese characters has long been dominated by the “Chinese character-centered theory”, and a large number of engraved symbols unearthed from the Neolithic Age were often excluded from the character system. The author selected 152 engraved symbols unearthed from 13 archaeological sites in Sichuan Mengxi He, Hebei Sitai, Henan Jiahu, Hube Liu Linxi, and Shandong Da Wenkou etc as the research objects. Based on the over ten thousand ancient Yi characters included in the “Yunnan South Yi Character Dictionary”, a comparison of the character shapes and semantic interpretation were conducted. The results show:①89% of the symbols can be found in ancient Yi script with corresponding forms, pronunciations and meanings of their own. ②The “Dao” (the origin of the world), “Qian” (the celestial pole), “Feng” (offering to the heavens), and “Shen” (one who understands the laws of heaven) etc 32 core characters were deciphered, covering four major themes: sacrifices, astronomy, divination, and calendar. ③The character “Dao” has persisted for over 80,000 years, from the Mengxi He site dating back to about 80,000 years ago, to the Xindian Culture dating back to about 3,000 years ago, and up to the present day. This is a rare case of continuous text transmission worldwide. This research has provided a completely new methodological approach and empirical materials for solving the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters, and has also offered textual evidence for the early cultural community of the people of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
关键词
新石器时代；中国早期文字；古彝文字；祭祀；占卜；天道
KeyWord
Neolithic period; Early Chinese writing; Ancient Yi script; Sacrifice; Divination; Way of heaven
基金项目
页码 27-40
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段树乔, 武莉. 中国新石器时代文字及其考释 [J]. 现代社会科学研究. 2026; 6; (7). 27 - 40.

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