International Journal of Nursing Research

In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has made breakthroughs in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, significantly prolonging the survival period of patients. However, when ICIs activate the immune system to attack tumors, they may also attack normal organs and tissues, causing unique immune-related adverse reactions (irAEs). irAEs can involve organ systems throughout the body, with high heterogeneity in the occurrence time, severity and clinical manifestations, posing challenges to clinical nursing. This article reviews the latest progress in the clinical characteristics, assessment tools, classification criteria, and nursing management strategies of irAEs in immunotherapy for liver cancer. It focuses on elaborating systematic nursing intervention measures for common irAEs such as those in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, and explores the key roles of multidisciplinary collaboration, patient education, and continuous nursing in optimizing management outcomes, providing practical guidance for clinical nurses to improve the quality of life and treatment safety of patients with liver cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Immune-related adverse reactions; Nursing management; Multidisciplinary collaboration