Solving Problems like Maria: A Case Study and Review of Collaborative Hurricane-Resilient Solar Energy and Autogestión in Puerto Rico-Journal of Sustainability Research-CSCIED科技核心评价数据库-手机版

Solving Problems like Maria: A Case Study and Review of Collaborative Hurricane-Resilient Solar Energy and Autogestión in Puerto Rico

Solving Problems like Maria: A Case Study and Review of Collaborative Hurricane-Resilient Solar Energy and Autogestión in Puerto Rico

ES评分 0 浏览量：1079 下载量：0

全文阅读下载引用收藏

DOI	10.20900/jsr20210004
刊名	Journal of Sustainability Research JSR
年，卷(期)	2021, 3(1)
作者	David Krantz*,
作者单位	Center for Energy & Society, School for the Future of Innovation in Society, College of Global Futures, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA ;
Abstract	After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico experienced the second-largest blackout in modern history, with parts of the island left without power for up to 18 months. Because the problems of Maria are multifold, this case study and review presents the historical, political, social, economic and cultural context of Puerto Rico, including a review of post-Maria solar interventions, along with two novel unconventional hybrid approaches to solving the problems of Maria: (i) Solar de Autogestión, a solar-energy racking that permits panel removal and storage in advance of a storm’s arrival and reinstallation after the storm passes—a system that was developed through (ii) collaboratory-action parachuting, a novel community-interaction method developed as an oral history-based applied-scholarship hybrid of conventional parachuting research and community-based participatory research. This paper finds that addressing the problems of Maria involves understanding the holistic context of a place and its people; working in partnership with communities to form collaborations; and providing disaster response, addressing climate change, and expressing allyship and solidarity with communities through hurricane-resilient solar energy to help create energy citizenship and an energy community. Befitting its unconventional methodologies, this transdisciplinary paper—which by its nature may not fit neatly into any single discipline—also takes an unabridged, critical and hybrid descriptive-normative approach to subject matter and style, coupling academic sourcing and discourse with quotes, narrative details and fluid writing in order to be accessible to academics, policymakers and practitioners alike.
KeyWord	applied scholarship; community engagement; disaster response; energy citizenship; energy democracy; energy sovereignty; environmental history; hurricane resilience; solar power; transdisciplinary scholarship
基金项目
页码	-

参考文献
相关文献

1.Meyer R. What's Happening With the Relief Effort in Puerto Rico? The Atlantic. 2017 Oct 4.

2.Houser T, Marsters P. The World’s Second Largest Blackout. Rhodium Group. 2018. Available from: rhg.com/research/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-worlds-second-largest-blackout/. Accessed 2019 Jul 10.

3.U.S. Energy Information Administration. Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile. 2020. Available from: eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=RQ. Accessed 2020 May 8.

4.Smith-Nonini S. The Debt/Energy Nexus behind Puerto Rico’s Long Blackout: From Fossil Colonialism to New Energy Poverty. Lat Am Perspect. 2020;47(3):64-86.

5.de Onís CM. Energy Colonialism Powers the Ongoing Unnatural Disaster in Puerto Rico. Front Commun. 2018;3:1-5.

6.The Associated Press. Puerto Rico Power Fully Restored 18 Months After Hurricane Maria Wiped Out the Grid: The Weather Channel. 2019. Available from: weather.com/news/news/2019-03-21-puerto-rico-power-restored-hurricane-maria. Accessed 2019 Jul 10.

7.Popke J, Harrison C. Energy, Resilience, and Responsibility in Post-Hurricane Maria Dominica: Ethical and Historical Perspectives on ‘Building Back Better’. J Extreme Events. 2018;5(04):184000.

8.Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, et al. Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Nat Geosci. 2010;3(3):157-63.

9.Elsner JB, Kossin JP, Jagger TH. The Increasing Intensity of the Strongest Tropical Cyclones. Nature. 2008;455(7209):92-5.

10.Trenberth KE. Warmer Oceans, Stronger Hurricanes. Sci Am. 2007;297(1):44-51.

11.Elsner JB. Continued Increases in the Intensity of Strong Tropical Cyclones. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2020(2020):1-8.

12.Kossin JP, Knapp KR, Olander TL, Velden CS. Global Increase in Major Tropical Cyclone Exceedance Probability Over the Past Four Decades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(21):1-6.

13.Gore A. An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York (NY, US): Rodale; 2006.

14.Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, et al. World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice. BioScience. 2017;67(12):1026-8.

15.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Global Warming of 1.5°C: First Joint Session of Working Groups I, II and III of the IPCC and Accepted by the 48th Session of the IPCC. Geneva (Switzerland): United Nations; 2018.

16.Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Barnard P, Moomaw WR. World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency. BioScience. 2020;70(1):8-12.

17.Lloréns H, Santiago R, Garcia-Quijano CG, de Onís CM. Hurricane Maria: Puerto Rico’s Unnatural Disaster. Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict & World Order. 2018. Available from: socialjusticejournal.org/hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-unnatural-disaster/. Accessed 2020 Nov 1.

18.Taleb NN. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. New York (NY, US): Random House; 2007.

19.Peñaloza M. 'I Don't Feel Safe': Puerto Rico Preps for Next Storm Without Enough Government Help. National Public Radio. 2019. Morning ed. Available from: npr.org/2019/07/03/737001701/i-don-t-feel-safe-puerto-rico-preps-for-another-maria-without-enough-government. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

20.Schmidt S, Hernández AR. A Year After Hurricane Maria, a Puerto Rican Town is Still in Upheaval. The Washington Post. 2018 Sep 13.

21.Newkirk II VR. Can Puerto Rico Recover from Maria Before the Next Storm Hits? The Atlantic. 2018.

22.Cloutier G, Papin M, Bizier C. Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Adaptation: Civic Initiatives as Drivers to Address Climate Change at the Urban Scale. Cities. 2018;74:284-91.

23.Iveson K. Cities Within the City: Do‐It‐Yourself Urbanism and the Right to the City. Int J Urban Region Res. 2013;37(3):941-56.

24.Finn D. DIY Urbanism: implications for Cities. J Urban Int Res Placemaking Urban Sustain. 2014;7(4):381-98.

25.Pagano C. DIY Urbanism: Property and Process in Grassroots City Building. Marquette Law Rev. 2013;97:335-89.

26.Talen E. Do-It-Yourself Urbanism: A History. J Plan History. 2015;14(2):135-48.

27.Hou J, editor. Insurgent Public Space: Guerrilla Urbanism and the Remaking of Contemporary Cities. London (UK): Routledge; 2010.

28.Dovey K. Informal Urbanism and Complex Adaptive Assemblage. Int Dev Plan Rev. 2012;34(4):349-68.

29.Wortham-Galvin BD. An Anthropology of Urbanism: How People Make Places (and What Designers and Planners Might Learn from It). Footprint. 2013;21-40.

30.Silva P. Tactical Urbanism: Towards an Evolutionary Cities’ Approach? Environ Plan B Plan Des. 2016;43(6):1040-51.

31.Lydon M, Garcia A. Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action for Long-term Change. Washington (DC, US): Island Press; 2015.

32.Mould O. Tactical Urbanism: The New Vernacular of the Creative City. Geogr Compass. 2014;8(8):529-39.

33.Crabapple M. Puerto Rico's DIY Disa ster Relief. The New York Review of Books. 2017 Nov 17.

34.Bonilla Y. Trump Hasn’t Treated Puerto Rico Well. But That’s a Long U.S. Tradition. The Washington Post. 2019 Apr 1.

35.Coto D. Puerto Ricans Grab Machetes, Shovels to Help Restore Power. The Associated Press. 2018. Available from: apnews.com/394fe201adf64649a92fe8e9b82000e1/Puerto-Ricans-grab-machetes,-shovels-to-help-restore-power. Accessed 2020 May 22.

36.Florido A. After Months Without Power, a Puerto Rico Town Strings its Own Lines. All Things Considered. 2018. Available from: npr.org/2018/01/19/579196353/after-four-months-without-power-a-puerto-rico-town-strings-its-own-lines. Accessed 2020 May 23.

37.Feliciano-Arroyo S. Autogestión: Reconfiguring the Spaces of Cultural Production in Latin America
[dissertation]. Philadelphia (PA, US): University of Pennsylvania; 2011.

38.Vieta M. The Stream of Self-Determination and Autogestión: Prefiguring Alternative Economic Realities. Ephemera. 2014;14(4):781.

39.Wulf WA. The Collaboratory Opportunity. Science. 1993;261(5123):854-6.

40.Nightingale AJ, Eriksen S, Taylor M, Forsyth T, Pelling M, Newsham A, et al. Beyond Technical Fixes: Climate Solutions and the Great Derangement. Clim Dev. 2020;12(4):343-52.

41.Orwell G. Politics and the English Language. In: Packer G, editor. All Art is Propaganda: Critical Essays. Boston (MA, US): Mariner Books; 2009. p. 270-86.

42.Sorman AH, Turhan E, Rosas Casals M. Democratizing Energy, Energizing Democracy: Central Dimensions Surfacing in the Debate. Front Energy Res. 2020;8:1-7.

43.Purvis B, Mao Y, Robinson D. Three Pillars of Sustainability: In Search of Conceptual Origins. Sustain Sci. 2019;14:681-95.

44.Kuhlman T, Farrington J. What is Sustainability? Sustainability. 2010;2(11):3436-48.

45.Basiago AD. Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability in Development Theory and Urban Planning Practice. Environmentalist. 1999;19(2):145-61.

46.Pope J, Annandale D, Morrison-Saunders A. Conceptualising Sustainability Assessment. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2004;24(6):595-616.

47.Gibson RB. Beyond the Pillars: Sustainability Assessment as a Framework for Effective Integration of Social, Economic and Ecological Considerations in Significant Decision-Making. J Environ Assess Policy Manag. 2006;8(3):259-80.

48.Waas T, Hugé J, Verbruggen A, Wright T. Sustainable Development: A Bird’s Eye View. Sustainability. 2011;3(10):1637-61.

49.Moldan B, Janoušková S, Hák T. How to Understand and Measure Environmental Sustainability: Indicators and Targets. Ecol Indic. 2012;17:4-13.

50.Schoolman ED, Guest JS, Bush KF, Bell AR. How Interdisciplinary is Sustainability Research? Analyzing the Structure of an Emerging Scientific Field. Sustain Sci. 2012;7(1):67-80.

51.Boyer RHW, Peterson ND, Arora P, Caldwell K. Five Approaches to Social Sustainability and an Integrated Way Forward. Sustainability. 2016;8(9):1-18.

52.Goodland R. The Concept of Environmental Sustainability. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 1995;26(1):1-24.

53.Lozano R. Envisioning Sustainability Three-Dimensionally. J Clean Prod. 2008;16(17):1838-46.

54.Tanguay GA, Rajaonson J, Lefebvre J-F, Lanoie P. Measuring the Sustainability of Cities: An Analysis of the Use of Local Indicators. Ecol Indic. 2010;10(2):407-18.

55.Heinberg R. What Is Sustainability? In: Heinberg R, Lerch D, editors. The Post Carbon Reader. Healdsburg (CA, US): Watershed Media; 2010. p. 11-9.

56.Du Pisani JA. Sustainable Development—Historical Roots of the Concept. Environ Sci. 2006;3(2):83-96.

57.Zijp MC, Heijungs R, Van der Voet E, Van de Meent D, Huijbregts MAJ, Hollander A, et al. An Identification Key for Selecting Methods for Sustainability Assessments. Sustainability. 2015;7(3):2490-512.

58.Lehtonen M. The Environmental-Social Interface of Sustainable Development: Capabilities, Social Capital, Institutions. Ecol Econ. 2004;49(2):199-214.

59.Moir S, Carter K. Diagrammatic Representations of Sustainability—A Review and Synthesis. In: Smith SD, editor. Proceedings of the 28th Annual ARCOM Conference; 2012 Sep 3-5; Edinburgh, UK. Edinburgh (UK): ARCOM (Association of Researchers in Construction Management); 2012. p. 1479-89.

60.Mori K, Christodoulou A. Review of Sustainability Indices and Indicators: Towards a New City Sustainability Index (CSI). Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2012;32(1):94-106.

61.Stirling A. The Appraisal of Sustainability: Some Problems and Possible Responses. Local Environ. 1999;4(2):111–35.

62.Vos RO. Defining Sustainability: A Conceptual Orientation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2007;82(4):334-9.

63.Arushanyan Y, Ekener E, Moberg Å. Sustainability Assessment Framework for Scenarios—SAFS. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2017;63:23-34.

64.Brown BJ, Hanson ME, Liverman DM, Merideth RW Jr. Global Sustainability: Toward Definition. Environ Manag. 1987;11(6):713-9.

65.Elkington J. Towards the Sustainable Corporation: Win-Win-Win Business Strategies for Sustainable Development. Calif Manag Rev. 1994;36(2):90-100.

66.Miller CA, Altamirano-Allende C, Johnson N, Agyemang M. The Social Value of Mid-Scale Energy in Africa: Redefining Value and Redesigning Energy to Reduce Poverty. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2015;5:67-9.

67.Walker A. One Child of One's Own. Ms. 1979 August;50.

68.O'Neill-Carrillo E, Rivera-Quinones MA. Energy Policies in Puerto Rico and their Impact on the Likelihood of a Resilient and Sustainable Electric Power Infrastructure. Centro J. 2018;30(3):147-71.

69.Immerwahr D. How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. New York (NY, US): Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 2019.

70.Grandin G. What was the Confederate Flag Doing in Cuba, Vietnam, and Iraq? The Nation. 2015 Jul 7.

71.Simkins FB. The South, Old and New: A History, 1820-1947. New York (NY, US): A.A. Knopf; 1947.

72.McGill R. Look Away, Look Away. Proc Massachusetts Hist Soc. 1966;78:50-62.

73.Cobb JC. Away Down South: A History of Southern Identity. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2005.

74.Andrade E, Barrett N, Colon-Ramos U, Edberg M, Garcia-Meza A, Goldman A, et al. Ascertainment of the Estimated Excess Mortality from Hurricane María in Puerto Rico. Washington, DC (US): Milken Institute of Public Health at The George Washington University; 2018. p. 1-69.

75.U.S. Census Bureau. Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018. Suitland (MD, US): U.S. Census Bureau; 2018.

76.Steckelberg A, Esteban C. Over 4 Million Americans Don’t Have Anyone to Vote for Them in Congress. The Washington Post. 2017 Sep 28.

77.Greenblatt A. The US Almost Tore Itself Apart to Get to 50 States. Can DC Make It 51? Vox. 2020. Available from: vox.com/the-highlight/2019/9/18/20863026/dc-statehood-george-floyd-puerto-rico-statehood. Accessed 2020 Sep 29.

78.Robles F. 23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood. The New York Times. 2017 Jun 12.

79.Fernández A. Puerto Rico’s Push for Statehood, Explained: Puerto Rico is Asking to Become the 51st U.S. State. Trump Just Said No. Vox. 2018. Available from: vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/11/15782544/puerto-rico-pushes-for-statehood-explained. Accessed 2019 Apr 3.

80.Kasperowicz P. Congress Expected to Ignore Puerto Rico's Vote for Statehood. The Hill. 2012. Available from: thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/266799-congress-expected-to-ignore-puerto-ricos-statehood-vote. Accessed 2020 Nov 2.

81.Johnson M, Bernal R. Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico Statehood Rise. The Hill. 2020 Sep 24.

82.Sanchez R, Stracqualursi V. A 122-Year Love-Hate Relationship: Puerto Rico—Once Again—Will Vote on Statehood. CNN. 2020. Available from: cnn.com/2020/10/31/politics/puerto-rico-2020-statehood-vote/index.html. Accessed 2020 Nov 1.

83.Gutiérrez L. Puerto Rico's Referendum No Substitute for a Self-Determination Process. The Hill. 2020. Available from: thehill.com/opinion/campaign/523996-puerto-ricos-referendum-no-substitute-for-a-self-determination-process. Accessed 2020 Nov 2.

84.Comisión Estatal de Elecciones. Plebiscito: Resultados Isla. 2020. Available from: elecciones2020.ceepur.org/Noche_del_Evento_92/index.html#es/default/PLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml. Accessed 2020 Nov 6.

85.Briggs L. Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. imperialism in Puerto Rico. Berkeley (CA, US): University of California Press; 2002.

86.Cabán PA. Constructing a Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898-1932. Boulder (CO, US): Westview Press; 1999.

87.Malavet PA. America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico. New York (NY, US): NYU Press; 2004.

88.Malavet PA. Puerto Rico: Cultural Nation, American Colony. Mich J Race Law. 2000;6(1):1-106.

89.Monge JT. Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World. New Haven (CT, US): Yale University Press; 1999.

90.Vélez JA, Schweers CW. A U.S. Colony at a Linguistic Crossroads: The Decision to Make Spanish the Official Language of Puerto Rico. Lang Probl Lang Plann. 1993;17(2):117-39.

91.Atiles-Osoria JM. Environmental Colonialism, Criminalization and Resistance: Puerto Rican Mobilizations for Environmental Justice in the 21st Century. RCCS Ann Rev. 2014;6:3-21.

92.de Onís CM. Fueling and Delinking from Energy Coloniality in Puerto Rico. J Appl Commun Res. 2018;46(5):535-60.

93.Cabán P. Hurricane Maria's Aftermath: Redefining Puerto Rico's Colonial Status. Curr History. 2019;118(805):43-9.

94.Denis N. War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony. New York (NY, US): Bold Type Books; 2015.

95.Rodríguez-Díaz CE. Maria in Puerto Rico: Natural Disaster in a Colonial Archipelago. Am J Pub Health. 2018;108(1):30-2.

96.Bonilla Y. The Coloniality of Disaster: Race, Empire, and the Temporal Logics of Emergency in Puerto Rico, USA. Politic Geogr. 2020;78:102181.

97.Roman E. Empire Forgotten: The United States' Colonization of Puerto Rico. Villanova Law Rev. 1997;42:1119-211.

98.Collado-Schwarz A. Decolonization Models for America’s Last Colony: Puerto Rico. Syracuse (NY, US): Syracuse University Press; 2012.

99.Central Intelligence Agency. Country Comparison: GDP—Per Capita (PPP). The World Factbook. Langley (VA, US): Central Intelligence Agency; 2020.

100.United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. New York (NY, US): United Nations Development Programme; 2018. p. 1-123.

101.Fuentes-Ramírez RR. An Approximation of Puerto Rico's Human Development Index. Caribbean Stud. 2014;42(1):253-8.

102.Fuentes-Ramírez RR. Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010-2015. Ceteris Paribus. 2017;7:1-9.

103.U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: Puerto Rico: U.S. Census Bureau; 2018. Available from: census.gov/quickfacts/PR. Accessed 2019 Jul 11.

104.Dropp K, Nyhan B. Nearly Half of Americans Don’t Know Puerto Ricans are Fellow Citizens. The New York Times. 2017 Sep 26; Sect. The Upshot.

105.Karni A, Mazzei P. As He Derides Puerto Rico’s Leaders, Trump Overstates Aid Figures. The New York Times. 2019 Apr 3; Sect. 2 April.

106.Shear MD. Ex-Cabinet Official Details Chaos of the Trump Circle. The New York Times. 2020 Jul 11.

107.Trump DJ (@realDonaldTrump). “So interesting to see “Progressive” Democrat Congresswomen, who originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe, the worst, most corrupt and inept anywhere in the world (if they even have a functioning government at all), now loudly...... ....and viciously telling the people of the United States, the greatest and most powerful Nation on earth, how our government is to be run. Why don’t they go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came. Then come back and show us how.... ....it is done. These places need your help badly, you can’t leave fast enough. I’m sure that Nancy Pelosi would be very happy to quickly work out free travel arrangements!”: Twitter; 2019
[updated 5:27 AM, 2019 Jul 14]. Available from: twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1150381394234941448. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

108.Allyn B. Congresswomen Denounce Trump Tweets Telling Them To 'Go Back' To Their Home Countries. NPR. 2019. Available from: npr.org/2019/07/14/741630889/congresswomen-denounce-trump-tweets-telling-them-to-go-back-to-their-home-countr. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

109.Trump DJ (@realDonaldTrump). “...Such poor leadership ability by the Mayor of San Juan, and others in Puerto Rico, who are not able to get their workers to help. They….”: Twitter; 2017
[updated 4:26 AM, 2017 Sep 30]. Available from: twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/914089003745468417. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

110.Trump DJ (@realDonaldTrump). “...want everything to be done for them when it should be a community effort. 10,000 Federal workers now on Island doing a fantastic job.”: Twitter; 2017
[updated 4:29 AM, 2017 Sep 30]. Available from: twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/914089888596754434. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

111.Giroux HA. White Nationalism, Armed Culture and State Violence in the Age of Donald Trump. Philos Soc Critic. 2017;43(9):887-910.

112.Heidt SJ. Scapegoater-in-Chief: Racist Undertones of Donald Trump’s Rhetorical Repertoire. In: Gutsche Jr. RE, editor. The Trump Presidency, Journalism, and Democracy. New York (NY, US): Routledge; 2018. p. 206-28.

113.Huber LP. Make America Great Again: Donald Trump, Racist Nativism and the Virulent Adherence to White Supremecy Amid US Demographic Change. Charleston L Rev. 2016;10:215-48.

114.Konrad AM. Denial of Racism and the Trump Presidency. Equal Diver Inclus. 2018;37(1):14-30.

115.Pulido L, Bruno T, Faiver-Serna C, Galentine C. Environmental Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era. Ann Am Assoc Geogr. 2019;109(2):520-32.

116.Lind D. Trump on Deported Immigrants: “They’re Not People. They’re Animals.” Vox. 2019. Available from: vox.com/2018/5/16/17362870/trump-immigrants-animals-ms-13-illegal. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

117.Graham DA. Trump Says Democrats Want Immigrants to ‘Infest’ the U.S. The Atlantic. 2018 Jun 19.

118.Trump DJ (@realDonaldTrump). “Democrats are the problem. They don’t care about crime and want illegal immigrants, no matter how bad they may be, to pour into and infest our Country, like MS-13. They can’t win on their terrible policies, so they view them as potential voters!”: Twitter; 2018
[updated 6:52 AM, 2018 Jun 19]. Available from: twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1009071403918864385. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

119.Bytwerk RL. The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda. Q J Speech. 2005;91(1):37-62.

120.Dawidowicz LS. The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York (NY, US): Bantam Books; 1986.

121.Goebbels J, Fred Taylor (Translator). The Goebbels Diaries: 1939-1941. London (UK): Hamish Hamilton; 1982.

122.Hitler A. Mein Kampf. Munich (Germany): Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH; 1925.

123.Clark TR. Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917-1933. Pittsburgh (PA, US): University of Pittsburgh Press; 1975.

124.Klein N. The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists. Chicago (IL, US): Haymarket Books; 2018.

125.Garcia-Lopez GA. The Multiple Layers of Environmental Injustice in Contexts of (Un)natural Disasters: The Case of Puerto Rico Post-Hurricane Maria. Environ Just. 2018;11(3):101-8.

126.Ocasio-Cortez A (@AOC). “Before everyone jumps one me - yes, culture isn’t DNA. But to be Puerto Rican is to be the descendant of: African Moors + slaves, Taino Indians, Spanish colonizers, Jewish refugees, and likely others. We are all of these things and something else all at once - we are Boricua.”: Twitter; 2018
[updated 6:01 AM, 2018 Dec 10]. Available from: twitter.com/aoc/status/1072129158745112576. Accessed 2019 Sep 25.

127.Hackett C, Connor P, Stonawski M, Skirbekk V, Potancoková M, Abel G, et al. The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050. Washington DC (US): Pew Research Center, 2015.

128.Murray A. The Later Middle Ages. In: Harries R, Mayr-Harting H, editors. Christianity: Two Thousand Years. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 107.

129.Martinez G. Why This Disaster Relief Bill is Stuck on a Debate Over Puerto Rico Food Stamps. PBS News Hour. 2019. Available from: pbs.org/newshour/politics/why-this-disaster-relief-bill-is-stuck-on-a-debate-over-puerto-rico-food-stamps. Accessed 2019 Apr 3.

130.Rivera Y, Levin J. Over a Year Later, the U.S. and Puerto Rico Fight Over Every Dollar of Hurricane Aid: The Recovery from Maria is Playing Out in This Remote Hospital. Bloomberg. 2019. Available from: bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-03-08/over-a-year-later-the-u-s-and-puerto-rico-fight-over-every-dollar-of-hurricane-aid. Accessed 2019 Apr 3.

131.Rogers D. Trump White House Stonewalls as Puerto Rico Aid Runs Dry: The President's Theories About How the Storm-Wracked Island is Using Disaster Relief Money Could Have Dire Consequences for its Residents. Politico. 2019. Available from: politico.com/story/2019/01/26/puerto-rico-hurricane-aid-1125530. Accessed 2019 Apr 3.

132.Straub AM. “Natural Disasters Don’t Kill People, Governments Kill People”: Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico–recreancy, and “Risk Society”. Nat Hazards. 2020;104(2):1-19.

133.The Associated Press. Length of Outage After Sandy Not Unusual: San Francisco Chronicle. 2012. Available from: sfgate.com/nation/article/Length-of-outage-after-Sandy-not-unusual-4045567.php. Accessed 2019 Jul 10.

134.Waugh WL Jr. The Political Costs of Failure in the Katrina and Rita Disasters. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2006;604(1):10-25.

135.Bier V. Hurricane Katrina as a Bureaucratic Nightmare. In: Kettl DJ, editor. On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. Philadelphia (PA, US): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2006. p. 243-54.

136.Brasch WM. Unacceptable: The Federal Government's Response to Hurricane Katrina. Karachi (Pakistan): Spectrum Publishers; 2005.

137.Berube A, Holmes N. Concentrated Poverty in New Orleans 10 Years After Katrina. The Brookings Institution. 2015. Available from: brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2015/08/27/concentrated-poverty-in-new-orleans-10-years-after-katrina/. Accessed 2019 Jul 10.

138.Plyer A, Gardere L. The New Orleans Prosperity Index: Tricentennial Edition. New Orleans (LA, US): The Data Center (Nonprofit Knowledge Works); 2018. p. 1-72.

139.Walton R. 10 Years After: Remembering How Entergy New Orleans Survived Hurricane Katrina. Electric Light & Power. 2015. Available from: elp.com/articles/powergrid_international/print/volume-20/issue-9/features/10-years-after-remembering-how-entergy-new-orleans-survived-hurricane-katrina.html. Accessed 2019 Jul 11.

140.U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. The Status of Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA): Lessons Learned Three Years Later: Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, Thursday, May 2, 2019. Washington DC (US): U.S. Government Publishing Office; 2019. p. 1-135.

141.Mufson S. Hurricane Maria has Dealt a Heavy Blow to Puerto Rico’s Bankrupt Utility and Fragile Electric Grid. The Washington Post. 2017 Sep 20.

142.Newkirk II VR. A Commonwealth in Crisis: As Puerto Rico Reaches Another Debt Cliff, Political Dysfunction on the Mainland Spells Disaster. The Atlantic. 2016 Apr 27.

143.Meléndez E. The Economics of PROMESA. CENTRO. 2018;30(3):72-103.

144.González J. Puerto Rico's $123 Billion Bankruptcy Is the Cost of U.S. Colonialism. The Intercept. 2017. Available from: theintercept.com/2017/05/09/puerto-ricos-123-billion-bankruptcy-is-the-cost-of-u-s-colonialism/. Accessed 2020 May 1.

145.Abel JR, Deitz R. The Causes and Consequences of Puerto Rico’s Declining Population. Curr Iss Econ Finance. 2014;20(4):1-8.

146.U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Evidence Indicates a Range of Challenges for Puerto Rico Health Care System. Washington DC (US): Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation ;2017. p. 1-26.

147.Allen G. SOS: Puerto Rico Is Losing Doctors, Leaving Patients Stranded: National Public Radio. 2016. Available from: npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/12/469974138/sos-puerto-rico-is-losing-doctors-leaving-patients-stranded. Accessed 2019 Apr 26.

148.Vives R, Hennessy-Fiske M. Puerto Rico’s Debt-Plagued Power Grid was on Life Support Long Before Hurricanes Wiped It Out. Los Angeles Times 2017 Sep 28.

149.Mookerjea S. Renewable Energy Transition Under Multiple Colonialisms: Passive Revolution, Fascism Redux and Utopian Praxes. Cult Stud. 2019;33(3):570-93.

150.Nixon R. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge (MA, US): Harvard University Press; 2011.

151.Perera FP. Children are Likely to Suffer Most from Our Fossil Fuel Addiction. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(8):987-90.

152.Healy N, Stephens JC, Malin SA. Embodied Energy Injustices: Unveiling and Politicizing the Transboundary Harms of Fossil Fuel Extractivism and Fossil Fuel Supply Chains. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2019;48:219-34.

153.Hill BE. Bad Policy, Disastrous Consequences: Coal-Fired Power in Puerto Rico. Environ Law Report. 2020;50:1-14.

154.Lloréns H. In Puerto Rico, Environmental Injustice and Racism Inflame Protests Over Coal Ash. The Conversation. 2016. Available from: theconversation.com/in-puerto-rico-environmental-injustice-and-racism-inflame-protests-over-coal-ash-69763. Accessed 2019 Dec 18.

155.Lerner S. Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States. Cambridge (MA, US): MIT Press; 2010.

156.Krantz D. Solar Sacrifice: How an Arizona Church Lost Money by Going Solar—and Solutions for When Energy Incentives Fail to Serve the Needs of Nonprofits. Case Stud Environ. 2018;2(1):1-8.

157.Kunkel C, Sanzillo T. Under PREPA’s New Debt Deal, Electricity Prices will Rise 13% by Next Summer in Puerto Rico Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. 2019. Available from: ieefa.org/ieefa-update-under-prepas-new-debt-deal-electricity-prices-will-rise-13-by-next-summer-in-puerto-rico/. Accessed 2020 May 10.

158.Aronoff K. To Help Pay Off Bondholders, Solar Panel Owners will be Hit Hard in Puerto Rico. The Intercept. 2019. Available from: theintercept.com/2019/05/22/puerto-rico-debt-solar-panels-electricity/. Accessed 2020 May 10.

159.Żuk P, Szulecki K. Unpacking the Right-Populist Threat to Climate Action: Poland's Pro-Governmental Media on Energy Transition and Climate Change. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2020;66:1-12.

160.Ćetković S, Hagemann C. Changing Climate for Populists? Examining the Influence of Radical-Right Political Parties on Low-Carbon Energy transitions in Western Europe. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2020;66:1-9.

161.Schneider J, Peeples J. The Energy Covenant: Energy Dominance and the Rhetoric of the Aggrieved. Front Commun. 2018;3:1-12.

162.de Onís CM. For Many in Puerto Rico, ‘Energy Dominance’ is Just a New Name for US Colonialism. The Conversation. 2017. Available from: theconversation.com/for-many-in-puerto-rico-energy-dominance-is-just-a-new-name-for-us-colonialism-80243. Accessed 2020 Nov 1.

163.Irfan U. Puerto Rico is Targeting 100% Renewable Energy. The Trump Administration has Other Ideas. Vox. 2019. Available from: vox.com/2019/4/17/18306417/puerto-rico-renew

引用本文

David Krantz*. Solving Problems like Maria: A Case Study and Review of Collaborative Hurricane-Resilient Solar Energy and Autogestión in Puerto Rico, Journal of Sustainability Research. 2021; 3; (1). https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20210004.

文献评论

相关学者

相关机构