An Index of Municipal Tourist Attractiveness: A Possible Methodological Approach Applied to Portugal-Journal of Sustainability Research-CSCIED科技核心评价数据库-手机版

An Index of Municipal Tourist Attractiveness: A Possible Methodological Approach Applied to Portugal

An Index of Municipal Tourist Attractiveness: A Possible Methodological Approach Applied to Portugal

ES评分 0 浏览量：182 下载量：0

DOI	10.20900/jsr20250060
刊名	Journal of Sustainability Research JSR
年，卷(期)	2025, 7(3)
作者	Ricardo de Moraes e Soares,Alexandre Morais Nunes*,João Ricardo Catarino,Ana Catarina Kaizeler,Vanda Martins,
作者单位	School of Business and Administration, Universidade Politécnica de Setúbal, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, Setúbal 2910-761, Portugal ; CAPP—Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Almerindo Lessa, Lisboa 1300-663, Portugal ; CAPP—Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Almerindo Lessa, Lisboa 1300-663, Portuga ; SOCIUS—Research Centre in Economic and Organizational Sociology, School of Economics and Management, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas, nº 6, Lisboa 1200-781, Portugal ;
摘要	The study aims to define a composite indicator capable of assessing the ability of municipalities to attract tourists to their territories, considering a series of factors related to tourism. The proposed index integrates variables such as tourist infrastructure, the cultural and tourist offer, the flow of tourists, environmental sustainability, and quality of life in healthcare, with the aim of providing a comprehensive measure of municipal tourist attractiveness. The analysis is based on quantitative data from official sources such as the National Statistics Institute (INE). To define the index, statistical methods were applied and specific weights defined for each of the components, according to their relevance to tourist attractiveness. The index was calculated using a weighted sum of the normalised values, allowing comparison between municipalities. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to test the robustness of the index and assess the consistency of the results. The index introduces a practical tool for assessing and comparing the capacity of municipalities to attract tourists, guiding public policies and sustainable development strategies in the tourism sector.
Abstract	The study aims to define a composite indicator capable of assessing the ability of municipalities to attract tourists to their territories, considering a series of factors related to tourism. The proposed index integrates variables such as tourist infrastructure, the cultural and tourist offer, the flow of tourists, environmental sustainability, and quality of life in healthcare, with the aim of providing a comprehensive measure of municipal tourist attractiveness. The analysis is based on quantitative data from official sources such as the National Statistics Institute (INE). To define the index, statistical methods were applied and specific weights defined for each of the components, according to their relevance to tourist attractiveness. The index was calculated using a weighted sum of the normalised values, allowing comparison between municipalities. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to test the robustness of the index and assess the consistency of the results. The index introduces a practical tool for assessing and comparing the capacity of municipalities to attract tourists, guiding public policies and sustainable development strategies in the tourism sector.
关键词	attractiveness; index; municipalities; sustainability; tourism
KeyWord	attractiveness; index; municipalities; sustainability; tourism
基金项目
页码	-

参考文献
相关文献

1.Moreira C. Portugal as a tourism destination: Paths and trends. Méditerranée—Revue Géogr Pays Méditerranéens. 2018;130:1-19. doi: 10.4000/mediterranee.10402.
2.Premovic J, Arsić L. Socio-economic aspects of tourism in the modern society. Zbornik Rad Filoz Fak Prištini. 2020;50(3):125-54. doi: 10.5937/ZRFFP50-28518.
3.Mueller R, Sobreira N. Tourism forecasts after COVID-19: Evidence of Portugal. Ann Tourism Res Empir Insights. 2024;5(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.annale.2024.100127.
4.Cárdenas-García P, Brida J, Segarra V. Modeling the link between tourism and economic development: Evidence from homogeneous panels of countries. Hum Soc Sci Commun. 2024;11:308. doi: 10.1057/s41599-024-02826-8.
5.Fernandes J, Albuquerque E, Silva A, Barroso A, Morim B, Ferreira B, et al. The contribution of tourism to the Portuguese economy: comparison between 2019 and 2022 (precovid-19 and post-covid-19). J Bus Manag. 2023;24(11):45-55.
6.Zhao J, Yang D, Zhao X, Lei M. Tourism industry and employment generation in emerging seven economies: Evidence from novel panel methods. Econ Res-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2023;36(3):2206471. doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2023.2206471.
7.McTeigue C, Sanchez C, Santos E, Walter C, Au-Yong-Oliveira M. A strategy for tourism growth, rebound, and revival: Promoting Portugal as a destination post-covid-19. Sustainability. 2021;13(22):12588. doi: 10.3390/su132212588.
8.Rahman M. Tourism as an economic development tool: A theoretical debate. J Bus Stud. 2013;34(1):1-10.
9.Algieri B, Alvarez A. Assessing the ability of regions to attract foreign tourists: the case of Italy. Tourism Econ. 2022;29(3):788-811. doi: 10.1177/1354816621106866.
10.Rangel R, Rivero S. Spatial imbalance between tourist supply and demand: The identification of spatial clusters in Extremadura, Spain. Sustainability. 2020;12(4):1651. doi: 10.3390/su12041651.
11.López-Molina D, Pulido-Fernández J. Proposal to measure tourism development within a destination and segment its different territories. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e20496. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20496.
12.Rodríguez-Díaz M, Espino-Rodríguez T. A model of strategic evaluation of a tourism destination based on stakeholders. Tourism Manag. 2008;29(4):706-20. doi: 10.1177/0047287507308324.
13.Otgaar A. Industrial tourism: Where the public meets the private. ERIM Ph.D. Ser Res Manag. 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1765/21585. Accessed on 20 Jul 2025.
14.Crouch G, Ritchie J. Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. J Bus Res. 1999;44(3):137-52. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3.
15.Pieterse E, Smit W. Institutions, decentralisation, and urban development. In: Shimeles A, Yaméogo N, Kayizzi-Mugerwa S, editors. Urbanization and socio-economic development in Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Boca Raton (FL, US): Taylor & Francis; 2014. doi: 10.4324/9781315780023.
16.Mandeli K. Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study. Cities. 2019;95:102409. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2019.102409.
17.Reis P, Ramos G, Rodrigues J. Tourism planning in low-density territories: The case of the municipality of Vila de Rei. In: XV International Tourism Congress: The image and sustainability of tourism destinations; Warsaw (Poland): Sciendo; 2024. doi: 10.2478/9788367405287-022.
18.Ancuța C, Jucu I. Sustainable rural development through local cultural heritage capitalization—analyzing the cultural tourism potential in rural Romanian areas: A case study of Hărman commune of Brasov region in Romania. Land. 2023;12(7):1297. doi: 10.3390/land12071297.
19.Dinis M, Costa C, Pacheco O. Composite indicators for measuring the popularity of Portugal and its tourism regions using google trends. In: Carvalho L, Isias P, editors. Handbook of research on entrepreneurship and marketing for global reach in the digital economy. Hershey (PA, US): IGI Global; 2018. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-6307-5.CH011.
20.Correia D, Teixeira L, Marques J. Reviewing the state-of-the-art of smart cities in Portugal: Evidence based on content analysis of a Portuguese magazine. Publications. 2021;9(4):49. doi: 10.3390/publications9040049.
21.Chartady R, Suhardjanto D, Supriyono S, Widarjo W. Disclosure of historical tourism and tourism performance of local governments in Indonesia. J Infrastruct Policy Dev. 2024;8(9):7234. doi: 10.24294/jipd.v8i9.7234.
22.Miller G, Torres-Delgado A. Measuring sustainable tourism: A state of the art review of sustainable tourism indicators. J Sustain Tourism. 2023;31(7):1483-96. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2023.2213859.
23.Hassan S. Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. J Travel Res. 2000;38(3):239-45. doi: 10.1177/004728750003800305.
24.Munir S, Haq I, Cheema A, Almanjahie I, Khan D. The role of tourists, infrastructure and institutions in sustainable tourism: A structural equation modeling approach. Sustainability. 2025;17(7):2841. doi: 10.3390/su17072841.
25.Munar A, Ooi C. The truth of the crowds: Social media and the heritage experience. In: Waterton E, Smith L, Watson S, editors. The cultural moment in tourism. London (UK): Routledge; 2012. doi: 10.4324/9780203831755-23.
26.Dugulan D, Balaure V, Popescu I, Vegheş C. Cultural heritage, natural resources and competitiveness of the travel and tourism industry in central and eastern European countries. Ann Univ Apulensis Ser Oeconomica. 2010;2(12):1-26. doi: 10.29302/oeconomica.2010.12.2.26.
27.Gössling S, Peters P. Assessing tourism's global environmental impact 1900–2050. J Sustain Tourism. 2012;23(5):1-21. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1008500.
28.Baloch Q, Shah S, Iqbal N, Sheeraz M, Asadullah M, Mahar S, et al. Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: A suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2023;30:5917-30. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w.
29.Teles R, Martins H, Pinheiro A, Gonçalves E. Tourists’ perception of tourist destinations: The case study of Nazaré (Portugal). Sustainability. 2024;16(4):1387. doi: 10.3390/su16041387.
30.Jangra R, Kaushik S, Saini S. An analysis of tourist’s perceptions toward tourism development: Study of cold desert destination, India. Geogr Sustain. 2021;2(1):48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2021.02.004.
31.Maden K, Rashid B, Zainol N. Beyond the motivation theory of destination image. Tourism Hosp Manag. 2016;22(2):247-64. doi: 10.20867/thm.22.2.1.
32.McCabe S. Theory in tourism. Ann Tourism Res. 2023;104:103721. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2023.103721.
33.Stoffelen A. Disentangling the tourism sector's fragmentation: A hands-on coding/post-coding guide for interview and policy document analysis in tourism. Curr Issues Tourism. 2019;22(18):2197-210. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1441268.
34.Palazzo M, Vollero A, Siano A, Foroudi P. From fragmentation to collaboration in tourism promotion: An analysis of the adoption of IMC in the Amalfi coast. Curr Issues Tourism. 2021;24(4):567-89. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1782856.
35.Dupeyras A, MacCallum N. Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism: A guidance document. OECD Tourism Pap. 2013;2:1-65. doi: 10.1787/5k47t9q2t923-en.
36.Leite E, Mota L, Lousada S, Leite A. Standardized reading of sustainable tourism indicators for ultraperipheral regions. Sustainability. 2022;14(21):14076. doi: 10.3390/su142114076.
37.Saviolidis N, Cook D, Davíðsdóttir B, Jóhannsdóttir L, Ólafsson S. Challenges of national measurement of environmental sustainability in tourism. Curr Res Environ Sustain. 2021;3:100079. doi: 10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100079.
38.Glyptou K. Operationalising tourism sustainability at the destination level: a systems thinking approach along the SDGs. Tourism Plan Dev. 2022;21(1):95-121. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2022.2069150.
39.Safonov A. The associational tourism economy: An introduction to collaboration—clusters, networks, ecosystems. Boca Raton (FL, US): Taylor & Francis; 2025. doi: 10.4324/9781003293606.
40.Nguyen C, Su T. Tourism, institutional quality, and environmental sustainability. Sustain Prod Consum. 2021;28:786-801. doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.005.
41.Ooi G. Sustainability and cities: Concept and assessment. Singapore: World Sci Publ Co; 2005. doi: 10.1142/5755.
42.Peña-Casillas C, Espinoza-Sánchez R, López-Sánchez J, Dávalos-Pita A. Approach to impact of tourism on quality of life: Case study of the magic town of San Sebastian del Oeste, Jalisco, México. Sustainability. 2024;16(24):10828. doi: 10.3390/su162410828.
43.Gaonkar S, Sukthankar S. Measuring and evaluating the influence of cultural sustainability indicators on sustainable cultural tourism development: Scale development and validation. Heliyon. 2025;11(4):e42514. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42514.
44.Băndoi A, Jianu E, Enescu M, Axinte G, Tudor S, Firoiu D. The relationship between development of tourism, quality of life and sustainable performance in EU countries. Sustainability. 2020;12(4):1628. doi: 10.3390/su12041628.
45.Santos G, Uvinha R. Elaboração de um índice de competitividade turística municipal: Compilação de dados, métodos de estimação e validação. Turismo—Visao e Acao. 2022;24(3):469-89. doi: 10.14210/rtva.v24n3.p469-490.
46.Alamineh G, Hussein J, Mulu Y, Taddesse B. The negative cultural impact of tourism and its implication on sustainable development in Amhara Regional State. Cogent Arts Humanit. 2023;10(1):2224597. doi: 10.1080/23311983.2023.2224597.
47.Velastegui-Hernández R, Melo-Fiallos D, Mayorga-Ases M, Hernández-Del-Salto S, Manobanda-Tenelema E, García M. Perceived quality of service in tourist transportation in the city of Baños de Agua Santa, Ecuador. Sustainability. 2024;16(17):7245. doi: 10.3390/su16177245.
48.Guimarães P. Tourism and authenticity: Analyzing retail change in Lisbon city center. Sustainability. 2022;14(13):8111. doi: 10.3390/su14138111.
49.Blazeska D, Milenkovski A, Gramatnikovski S. The quality of the tourist destination a key factor for increasing their attractiveness. UTMS J Econ. 2015;6(2):341-53.
50.Hernández J, Santana-Jiménez Y, González-Martel C. Factors influencing the co-occurrence of visits to attractions: the case of Madrid, Spain. Tourism Manag. 2021;83:104236. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104236.
51.Chen A, Lu Y, Ng Y. The principles of geotourism. Berlin (Germany): Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-46697-1.
52.Blancas F, Gonzaléz M, Lozano-Oyola M, Pérez F. The assessment of sustainable tourism: Application to Spanish coastal destinations. Ecol Indic. 2010;10:484-92. doi: 10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2009.08.001.
53.Liu X, Zhou G, Wang H, Wen E. Evaluating the progress of tourism in a less-developed area of china: A tourism development index approach based on night-time light and POI data. Land. 2025;14(2):338. doi: 10.3390/land14020338.
54.Milenkovski A, Gramatnikovski S, Nakovski D. Statistical data in the tourism research. UTMS J Econ. 2019;10(1):57-65.
55.Munda G, Nardo M. Constructing consistent composite indicators: The issue of weights. JRC Publ Repository. 2005;JRC32434:1-12.
56.Saisana M, Tarantola S. State-of-the-art report on current methodologies and practices for composite indicator development. Inst Prot Secur Citizen (Joint Res Cent). 2002;EUNA20408ENC:1-72. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1505.1762.
57.Buhalis D. Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Manag. 2000;21(1):97-116. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3.
58.Pearce D. Tourist destinations: structure and synthesis. Wallingford (UK): CABI; 2020. doi: 10.1079/9781789245837.0000.
59.Krugman P. Increasing returns and economic geography. J Polit Econ. 1991;99(3):483-99.
60.Amrullah A, Kaltum U, Sondari M, Pranita D. The influence of capability, business innovation, and competitive advantage on a smart sustainable tourism village and its impact on the management performance of tourism villages on Java Island. Sustainability. 2023;15(19):14149. doi: 10.3390/su151914149.
61.Rodríguez‐Pose A. Social conditions and economic performance: The bond between social structure and regional growth in Western Europe. Int J Urban Reg Res. 1998;22(3):443-59. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00151.
62.Sharpley R, Telfer D. Tourism and development: Concepts and issues. Bristol (UK): Channel View Publ; 2014. doi: 10.4324/9781315686196.
63.Ashworth G, Page S. Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tourism Manag. 2011;32(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.002.
64.Yang D, Hernández Martín-Caro M, García-Palomares J, Gutiérrez J. Exploring the spatial patterns of visitor expenditure in cities using bankcard transactions data. J Sustain Tourism. 2021;29(17):2770-88. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1991898.
65.Wang M, Yang J, Hsu W, Zhang C, Liu H. Service facilities in heritage tourism: Identification and planning based on space syntax. Information. 2021;12(12):504. doi: 10.3390/info12120504.
66.Shishmanova M. Cultural tourism in cultural corridors, itineraries, areas and cores networked. Procedia—Soc Behav Sci. 2015;188(14):246-54. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.382.
67.Dwyer L, Mellor R, Livaic Z, Edwards D, Kim C. Attributes of destination competitiveness: A factor analysis. Tourism Anal. 2004;9(1-2):91-101. doi: 10.3727/1083542041437558.
68.Hall C, Page S. The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. London (UK): Routledge; 2006. doi: 10.4324/9780203420249.
69.Martini R, Agustin E, Setiyono B. The paradox of rural tourism and poverty alleviation. Turyzm/Tourism. 2022;32(2):87-105. doi: 10.18778/0867-5856.32.2.05.
70.Cracolici M, Nijkamp P. Attractiveness and effectiveness of competing tourist areas: A study on Italian provinces. Tourism Manag. 2009;30(3):336-44. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.006.
71.Perles-Ribes J, Ramón-Rodríguez A, Moreno-Izquierdo L, Such-Devesa M. Machine learning techniques as a tool for predicting overtourism: The case of Spain. J Travel Res. 2020;22(6):825-38. doi: 10.1002/jtr.2383.
72.García-Buades ME, García-Sastre MA, Alemany-Hormaeche M. Effects of overtourism, local government, and tourist behavior on residents’ perceptions in Alcúdia (Majorca, Spain). J Outdoor Recreat Tourism. 2022;39:100499. doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2022.100499.
73.Utami D, Dhewanto I, Lestari Y. Rural tourism entrepreneurship success factors for sustainable tourism village: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Bus Manag. 2023;10(1):2180845. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2023.2180845.
74.Romagosa F. The COVID-19 crisis: Opportunities for sustainable and proximity tourism. Tourism Geogr. 2020;22(3):690-4. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1763447.
75.Biggs D, Hall C, Stoeckl N. The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. J Sustain Tourism. 2012;20(5):645-65. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.630080.
76.Gössling S, Scott D, Hall M. Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. J Sustain Tourism. 2021;29(1):1-20. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708.
77.Calgaro E, Lloyd K, Dominey-Howes D. From vulnerability to transformation: A framework for assessing the vulnerability and resilience of tourism destinations. J Sustain Tourism. 2014;22(39):341-60. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.826229.
78.Brouder P. Evolutionary economic geography: Reflections from a sustainable tourism perspective. Tourism Geogr. 2017;19(3):438-47. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2016.1274774.
79.Briedenhann J, Wickens E. Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas: Vibrant hope or impossible dream? Tourism Manag. 2004;25(1):71-9. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00063-3.
80.Alam J, Alam Q, Kalam A. Prospects and challenges for sustainable tourism: Evidence from south Asian countries. Int J Multidiscip Res Technol. 2022;3(9):19-42.
81.Almeida L, Machado A. Rural development and rural tourism: The impact of infrastructure investments. In: Castanho R, Couto G, Santos R, editors. Peripheral territories, tourism, and regional development. London (UK): IntechOpen; 2021. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.95610.
82.Rodrigues S, Correia R, Gonçalves R, Branco F, Martins J. Digital marketing’s impact on rural destinations’ image, intention to visit, and destination sustainability. Sustainability. 2023;15(3):2683. doi: 10.3390/su15032683.
83.Lane B, Kastenholz E. Rural tourism: The evolution of practice and research approaches—towards a new generation concept? J Sustain Tourism. 2015;23(8-9):1133-56. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997.
84.Ballesteros J, Hernández M. Challenges facing rural tourism management: A supplybased perspective in CastillaLa Mancha (Spain). Tourism Hosp Res. 2021;21(2):216-28. doi: 10.1177/1467358420970611.
85.Sharpley R. Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: The case of Cyprus. Tourism Manag. 2002;23(3):233-44. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00078-4.
86.Santos L, Vieira A. Tourism and regional development: A spatial econometric model for Portugal at municipal level. Port Econ J. 2020;19(3):285-99. doi: 10.1007/s10258-020-00179-z.
87.Yang Y, Fik T. Spatial effects in regional tourism growth. Ann Tourism Res. 2014;46:144-62. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.007.
88.Romão J, Guerreiro J, Rodrigues P. Territory and sustainable tourism development: A space-time analysis on European regions. Region: J ERSA Powered by WU. 2017;4(3):1-17. doi: 10.18335/region.v4i3.142.
89.Chi J. Tourism development and income inequality in OECD countries: New insights from method of moments quantile regression. Tourism Econ. 2023;30(3):767-84. doi: 10.1177/13548166231184796.
90.Friedmann J. A general theory of polarized development. Ford Found, Urban Reg Advis Program Chile. 1967. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/11362/34953. Accessed on 22 Jul 2025.
91.Romão J. Tourism, smart specialisation, growth, and resilience. Ann Tourism Res. 2020;84:102995. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102995.
92.Milano C, Novelli M, Cheer J. Overtourism and tourismphobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism Plan Dev. 2019;16(4):353-7. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2019.1599604.
93.Rozmiarek M, Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Kazimierczak M. Overtourism and the impact of tourist traffic on the daily life of city residents: a case study of Poznan. J Tourism Cult Chang. 2022;20(5):718-34. doi: 10.1080/14766825.2022.2029463.
94.Richards G. Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Ann Tourism Res. 2011;38(4):1225-53. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.008.
95.Duxbury N, Bakas F, Castro T, Silva S. Creative tourism development models towards sustainable and regenerative tourism. Sustainability. 2021;13(1):2. doi: 10.3390/su13010002.
96.Buhalis D, Amaranggana A. Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. In: Xiang Z, Tussyadiah I, editors. Information and communication technologies in tourism 2014. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03973-2_40.
97.Gretzel U, Sigala M, Xiang Z, Koo C. Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electron Markets. 2015;25(3):179-88. doi: 10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8.
98.Fernández J, Rivero M. Measuring tourism sustainability: Proposal for a composite index. Tourism Econ. 2009;15(2):277-96. doi: 10.5367/000000009788254377.
99.Hernández-Martín R, Padrón-Fumero N, Padrón-Ávila H. The local turn in tourism statistics within the statistical framework for measuring the sustainability of tourism. Sustainability. 2024;17(4):1430. doi: 10.3390/su17041430.
100.Formica S, Uysal M. Destination attractiveness based on supply and demand evaluations: An analytical framework. J Travel Res. 2006;44(4):418-30. doi: 10.1177/0047287506286714.
101.Lin Y, Mitas O, Shen Y, Bastiaansen M, Strijbosch W. Objective measurement of experiences in tourism and hospitality: A systematic review of methodological approaches and best practices. J Hosp Tourism Res. 2024;48(8):1382-403. doi: 10.1177/109634802312260.
102.Song H, Seetaram N, Ye S. The effect of tourism taxation on tourists’ budget allocation. J Destin Mark Manag. 2018;11:32-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.001.
103.Soares R, Pinheiro P. Fiscal attractiveness of portuguese municipalities. Public Municipal Finance. 2023;12(2):1-16. doi: 10.21511/pmf.12(2).2023.01.
104.Valls J, Sureda J, Valls-Tuñon G. Attractiveness analysis of European tourist cities. J Travel Tourism Mark. 2014;31(2):178-94. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.873310.
105.Song Z. Research on assessing comprehensive competitiveness of tourist destinations within cities, based on field theory and competitiveness theory. Sustainability. 2025;17(1):90. doi: 10.3390/su17010090.
106.Shoval N, Raveh A. Categorization of tourist attractions and the modeling of tourist cities: Based on the co-plot method of multivariate analysis. Tourism Manag. 2003;25(6):741-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.005.
107.Chen W. The data mining and high-performance network model of tourism electronic word of mouth for analysis of factors influencing tourists’ purchasing behavior. Sci Rep. 2024;14:30237. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75794-3.
108.Chamusca P. Measuring and addressing territorial cohesion: A framework for regional development in Portugal. Sustainability. 2025;17(7):3061. doi: 10.3390/su17073061.
109.Simpson M. An integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods. Community Dev J. 2009;44(2):186-208.
110.Camatt N, Zecchin L, Bertocchi D, Carić H. The relevance of the territorial dimension in EU policies and the role of tourism. Tourism. 2022;70(4):555-70. doi: 10.37741/t.70.4.2.
111.Rob A, Carolina P. In search of territorial cohesion: An elusive and imagined notion. Soc Inclusion. 2020;8(4):265-76. doi: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3377.

引用本文

Ricardo de Moraes e Soares,Alexandre Morais Nunes*,João Ricardo Catarino,Ana Catarina Kaizeler,Vanda Martins. An Index of Municipal Tourist Attractiveness: A Possible Methodological Approach Applied to Portugal [J]. Journal of Sustainability Research. 2025; 7; (3). - .

文献评论

相关学者

相关机构